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| The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced): |
Footnotes:
- Carl E. Van Horn, Herbert A. Schaffner, Work in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Policy, and Society, 2003
- Daniel Weisberg, Susan Sexton, Jennifer Mulher, David Keeling, "The Widget Effect: Our National Failure to Acknowledge and Act on Differences in Teacher Effectiveness," widgeteffect.org, June 1, 2009
- Nanette Asimov, "Teacher Job Security Fuels Prop. 74 Battle," San Francisco Chronicle, Sep. 30, 2005
- Patrick McGuinn, "Ringing the Bell for K-12 Teacher Tenure Reform," americanprogress.org, Feb. 2010
- "Special Statewide Election - November 8, 2005: State Ballot Measures," vote2005.sos.ca.gov, Dec. 19, 2005
- Steven Brill, "The Rubber Room," New Yorker, Aug. 31, 2009
- Jennifer Medina, "Last Day of 'Rubber Rooms' for Teachers," nytimes.com, June 28, 2010
- Wanda Marie Thibodeaux, "Pro & Cons of Teacher Tenure," ehow.com (accessed Dec. 28, 2010)
- Ksenia Galouchko, "Bloomberg’s New Tenure Plan Triggers Demo and Debate," theuptowner.org, Dec. 16, 2010
- M.J. Stephey, "A Brief History of Tenure," time.com, Nov. 17, 2008
- David McGrath, "Teacher-Tenure Proposal Would Weaken Florida Education," Sarasota Herald-Tribune, Apr. 15, 2010
- Stephanie Banchero, "Teacher-Tenure Row Reheats," wsj.com, May 3, 2010
- Sylvia A. Allegretto, Sean P. Corcoran, Lawrence Mishel, "The Teaching Penalty: Teacher Pay Losing Ground," epi.org, Mar. 2008
- Heather Wolpert-Gawron, "The Truth about Teacher Tenure," edutopia.org, Dec. 21, 2009
- National Council on Teacher Quality, "State Teacher Policy Yearbook: What States Can Do to Retain Effective New Teachers," nctq.org, 2008
- "Official Voter Registration Guide - Arguments and Rebuttals: Proposition 74," vote2005.sos.ca.gov (accessed Dec. 28, 2010)
- Sam Dillon, "A School Chief Takes On Tenure, Stirring a Fight," nytimes.com, Nov. 12, 2008
- Thomas A. Kersten, "Teacher Tenure: Illinois School Board Presidents' Perspectives and Suggestions for Improvement," Planning and Changing, Oct. 1, 2006
- Fritz Machlup, "In Defense of Academic Tenure," The Case for Tenure, Ed. Matthew W. Finkin, 1996
- Julie Mack, "Tenure Reform: Union Says It's Open to Streamlining Process for Firing Educators," Michigan Live website, mlive.com, Nov. 22, 2010
- Michelle Rhee and Adrian Fenty, "The Education Manifesto," wsj.com, Oct. 30, 2010
- Adolfo Guzman-Lopez, "ACLU Sues LAUSD to Stop Teacher Layoffs," KPCC-FM Los Angeles website, scpr.org, Feb. 24, 2010
- Associated Press, "LAUSD, ACLU Reach ‘Groundbreaking’ Agreement on Layoffs," losangeles.cbslocal.com, Oct. 6, 2010
- "Tenure Reforms and NJSBA Policy: Report of the NJSBA Tenure Task Force," New Jersey School Boards Association website, njsba.org, June 1994
- Scott McLeod, JD, PhD, "Does Teacher Tenure Have a Future?," dangerouslyirrelevant.org, Apr. 19, 2010
- Evan Thomas and Pat Wingert, "Why We Must Fire Bad Teachers," newsweek.com, Mar. 6, 2010
- "Rhee-Forming D.C. Schools," wsj.com, Nov. 22, 2008
- Rose Garrett, "What Is Teacher Tenure?," education.com (accessed Dec. 30, 2010)
- Dan Goldhaber and Michael Hansen, "Is It Just a Bad Class?: Assessing the Stability of Measured Teacher Performance," crpe.org, Nov. 21, 2008
- Marcus A. Winters, "Challenging Tenure in D.C.," manhattan-institute.org, Nov. 5, 2008
- Steve Farkas and Ann Duffett, "Cracks in the Ivory Tower? The Views of Education Professors Circa 2010," edexcellence.net, Sep. 2010
- William G. Howell, Martin R. West, and Paul E. Peterson, "The Public Weighs in on School Reform," EducationNext, Fall 2011
- Marguerite Roza, "Must Enrollment Declines Spell Financial Chaos for Districts?," Center on Reinventing Public Education website, crpe.org, Aug. 29, 2006
- George A. Clowes, "Teachers Like Tenure but Admit Its Flaws," heartland.org, July 1, 2003
- David B. Tyack, Robert Lowe, Elisabeth Hansot, Public Schools in Hard Times: the Great Depression and Recent Years, 1984
- National Commission on Excellence in Education, "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform," eric.ed.gov, Apr. 1983
- Walter C. Jones, "Barnes Goes on Attack over Teacher Tenure," savannahnow.com, Feb. 4, 2000
- US Department of Education, "Race to the Top Program Executive Summary," ed.gov, Nov. 2009
- Michelle Exstrom, "The A+ Teacher: Deciding Who Is Effective in the Classroom Is Not as Easy as It Seems," ncls.org, Sep. 2010
- Karen Matthews, "NYC Takes Aim at Teachers' 'Tenure for Breathing,'" Associated Press / usatoday.com, Oct. 8, 2010
- Beth Barrett, "LAUSD's Dance of the Lemons," laweekly.com, Feb. 11, 2010
- John Heilemann, "Schools: The Disaster Movie," New York Magazine, Sep. 5, 2010
- New Jersey School Boards Association, "Tenure Reform," njsba.org, Sep. 30, 2010
- Diane D'Amico, "NJEA Plans to Fight Gov. Christie Over Plan to Eliminate Teacher Tenure," pressofatlanticcity.com, Jan. 13, 2010
- Kathy Christie and Jennifer Dounay Zinth, "Teacher Tenure or Continuing Contract Laws," ecs.org, Aug. 2011
- Jennifer Medina, "California Teacher Tenure Laws Ruled Unconstitutional," nytimes.com, June 10, 2014
- National Council on Teacher Quality, "Policy Issue: Tenure, 2015 Tenure" nctq.org (accessed May 24, 2016)
- Sylvia Allegretto and Lawrence Mishel, "The Teacher Pay Penalty Has Hit a New High: Trends in the Teacher Wage and Compensation Gaps through 2017," epi.org, Sep. 5, 2018
- National Council on Teacher Quality, "2017 State Teacher Policy Yearbook: National Summary," nctq.org, Dec. 2017
- Thomas B. Fordham Institute, "Undue Process: Why Bad Teachers in Twenty-Five Diverse Districts Rarely Get Fired," edexcellence.net, Dec. 8, 2016
- Susan Edelman, "City Pays Exiled Teachers to Snooze as 'Rubber Rooms' Return," nypost.com, Jan. 17, 2016
- Matthew A. Kraft and Allison F. Gilmour, "Revisiting the Widget Effect: Teacher Evaluation Reforms and the Distribution of Teacher Effectiveness," harvard.edu, 2017
- Martin R. West, Michael B. Henderson, Paul E. Peterson, and Samuel Barrows, "The 2017 EdNext Poll on School Reform: Public Thinking on School Choice, Common Core, Higher Ed, and More," educationnext.org, 2017
- Paul Heiser, "When Tenured Educators Break the Rules, One-Third of Districts Don't Seek Discipline," nyssba.org, May 7, 2018
- Peter Hancock, "Kansas Supreme Court Upholds Repeal of Teacher Tenure Rights," ljworld.com, June 15, 2018
Sources:
Richard T. De George, Academic Freedom and Tenure: Ethical Issues, 1997
Andrew Sloan Draper, Necessary Basis of the Teacher's Tenure, 1912
The Journal of the National Education Association, Volumes 10-11, 1921
Mary M. Kennedy, Marilyn Cochran-Smith, Teacher Assessment and the Quest for Teacher Quality: A Handbook, 2010
National Education Association, Report of the Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions of Public School Teachers in the United States to the National Council of Education, July, 1905
Franklin H. Silverman, Teaching for Tenure and Beyond: Strategies for Maximizing Your Student Ratings, 2001
George Skelton, "California Teacher Tenure Finally a Major Election Issue," latimes.com, Sep. 10, 2014 |
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